Background and aim: The purpose of this study was to compare immediate and long-term effects of foot orthoses on co-contraction ratio of leg muscles among individuals with pes planus during stance phase of walking.Materials and methods: Forty- five male students were categorized based on foot structure into neutral, experimental pes planus, or control pes planus groups (15 subjects per group). Electromyography activity was recorded from the tibialis anterior and the peroneus longus of all subjects while walking barefoot as pretest measures. Experimental pes planus group also walked under two conditions including wearing the shoe only and wearing the shoe with foot orthosis. Subjects in experimental pes planus group were required to wear foot orthoses for 6 months. All groups were assessed in a 6 months follow-up period. Co-contraction ratio of leg muscles among groups during stance phase of walking were compared using analysis of variance (a=0.05).Results: Co-contraction ratio were significantly different in stance sub phases between both supinated foot groups and neutral group. The leg muscles co-contraction ratio changed immediatly and 6 months after foot orthoses use.Conclusion: According to these results, we concluded that leg muscles co-contraction ratio could provide useful index to explain motion controlling characteristics of the foot. Use of foot orthoses, also by changing in muscular activity alter co-contraction ratios.

Introduction: Pattellofemoral pain syndrome (P.F.P.S) is the most common problem in knee joint. Various authors have indicated that imbalance of muscle activity between vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) might lead to P.F.P.S. The objective is to determine the effect of patellar taping on VMO/VL myoelectric activity ratio during maximal isometric contraction in open and closed kinetic chain (OKC and CKC). Materials and Methods: Thirty subjects aged 20-30 years without P.F.P.S were examined. Integrated biofeedback was detemined for VMO/VL muscles activity ratio of a prefered leg. Results: The result indicated a significant increase in VMO/VL muscle activity ratio with patellar taping in OKC (P=0.03) and CKC (P=0.002). Conclusion: The patellar taping facilitates VMO activity. However, it enhances VMO/VL muscle activity ratio.

Introduction: Clinical use of the late responses during routine neurophysiological examination has significantly increased the diagnostic yield of the neurophysiological evaluation. The H max to M max ratio (H/M ratio) is considered a suitable index for illustrating the level of reflex excitability of the motor pool.Methods: In this study posterior tibial nerve H/M ratio changes in cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) evaluated. This investigation was carried out in 22 normal subjects aged 40-65 years with mean 52 years, and in 40 patients with CVA aged 42-63 years with mean 57 years.Results: In normal subjects no significant differences were found between the mean values observed between right and left sides. In patients significant increased H/M ratios in both sides with more in non-plegic leg (P<0.01) were found. The facilitation of Babinsky sign in patients is significantly associated with low H/M ratios (P=0.003). The H/M ratio changes were not significantly associated with severity of hemiplegia (P=0.3 for lower extremities, P=0.9 for upper extremities). The H/M ratio was increased in ischemic lesions (P<0.01), but in intracerebral hemorrhages the soleus H/M ratio increases in non-plegic side the same as the plegic side.Conclusion: The posterior tibial nerve H/M ratios are increased in CVA bilaterally due to decreased presynaptic inhibition Ia terminals, thus amplitude of H reflexes increased without increased amplitude of M response.

The method of selection of the study design decides the type of analysis 10 be used. Case-Control studies assess the causes of a particular outcome, comparing a group of individuals who have experienced the outcome under study with a group who have net.Results appear as a two by two table. As these two groups are sampled separately, the rate of the disease in the exposed or unexposed groups can not be calculated. However, the Odds Ratio can be obtained. The Odds Ratio is sometimes referred to as the cross product ratio.                        Cases                            Controls Exposed            a                                  b Unexposed         c                                  d Odds Ratio (a/b)I (c/d) = ad/bc

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the ratio of Electromyography (EMG) activities of the vastus medial is obliqus (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) within seven angles of knee joint range of motion using isometric contraction in open kinetic chain (OKC) and closed kinetic chain (CKC). Methods: The dominant knees of 44 healthy female subjects (mean age: 24.84 with range: 20-30 years old) were analyzed. Surface electrode pairs were attached over the VMO and VL by using Basmajian methods. The EMG biofeedback data was collected while the subject performed isometric contraction on isometric and squat exercise within 7 degrees (0° to 90°) with 15° intervals of knee flexion angle. Results: Paired T-test and ANOVA were performed between variables. Results demonstrated that in this study there are significant differences: I) between OKC and CKC exercise in 0°, 15°, and 30° of knee flex ion, II) between all angles in CKC except: 0-15°,0-30°,0-45°, 15-30°,60-75°, and 75-90°, and III) between 15-60°, 30- 60°,45-60°, and 60-90° in OKC (p<0.001). As a result in OKC and CKC respectively, 60° and 15° angles of knee flexion were most sufficient positions (i.e. increased VMONL activities ratios), -15° and 90° of knee flexion were the most insufficient positions and arc of movement between 45- 75° and 0-30° was considered as the most sufficient arc of movement.Conclusion: As the result of this research and biomechanical and neuro-physiological viewpoints, emphasized in the literature, our recommendations are: in early phase or in early sessions of treatment of patellofemoral joint dysfunction, treatment exercise done in CKC & sufficient position and after progression of the patient's condition, OKC exercises could also be considered.

In a fuzzy metric space (X, M,*), where * is a continuous t-norm, a locally fuzzy contraction mapping is defined. It is proved that any locally fuzzy contraction mapping is a global fuzzy contractive. Also, if f satisfies the locally fuzzy contractivity condition then it satisfies the global fuzzy contractivity condition.

Background and Aim: Whole Body Vibration (WBV) is more attended as a new exercise modality helping improvement in neuro-muscular performance, but so far, its immediate effect indirectly concurrent with different external load (EL) on maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and upper limb electromyography (EMG) in not known. The purpose of the spresent study was to investigate the immediate effect of WBV on maximumisometric contraction and upper limb EMG indifferent contraction forces.Materials and Methods: In 15 young healthy men, dominant biceps randomly underwent isometric contaction with supination of forearm and 90 degrees of elbow flexion while receiving no WBV or WBV with a frequency of 50 Hz and low amplitude (4 mm) for 60 seconds (i.e. two thirty-second phase with an interval of 20-second-rest) in three different modes: without EL, with an EL of 10% of primary MVC, and finally with an EL of 20% of primary MVC. In the meantime, EMG activity of the muscle was recorded and once the whole exercise protocol was terminated, MVC was measured and its EMG activity was recorded simultaneously with MVC.Results: WBV without EL showed a significant increase in biceps MVC compared with no WBV and no EL (P=0.006), wheras in WBV the comparison of an EL of 10% of primary MVC and that of 20%, despite rendering higher rate of MVC, is not statistically significant. On the other hand, WBV without EL revealed a significant improvement in biceps RMS (P=0.001). The same was true in WBV with an EL of 20% of MVC (P=0.032). The rate of ΔFMED with WBV or without WBV, and with an EL of 20%, was statistically more significant than without WBV, with an external load of 10%, and this significancy with vibration was P=0.011 and without vibration was P=0.016. Meanwhile, ΔFMED was significant with WBV and with an external load of 20% of MVC compared with WBV and 10% of MVC (P=0.023).Conclusion: It seems that a single session of WBV reults in an immediate increase of MVC and EMG of biceps bracheiand applying ELs of 10% and 20% of MVC with WBV did not significantly increase in the present study, but it leadsto more increase of MVC and EMG. Also, the effect of an EL of 20% of MVC in this increase is more tangible than 10% of MVC.